The nature and future of human trafficking in south africa compiled by. This article seeks to extend the understanding of the different forms of exploitation which women and children are exposed to in the trafficking chain. Indepth knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon, as well as the efficacy and impact of responses, are required to formulate effective policies and strategies. Tanzania and uganda, child trafficking is widespread and rampant in the four countries. Human trafficking in south africa occurs as a practice of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation among imported and exported trafficked men, women, and children. Home to world heritage sites, priceless antiquities and soaring skyscrapers, this region is a jigsaw puzzle of contradictions and contrasts, where old customs bump into modern wa. Human trafficking in the middle east and north africa region. Additionally, noneuropean victims from africa, east.
Human trafficking is considered a contemporary form of slavery. East africa ranks low on human trafficking report the. Combating forced labour and human trafficking in africa. Some of 80 ethiopians arrested in kenya on august 18, 2015. Human trafficking in the middle east and north africa region by schuyler dudley. Assessment manual developed by unicef and iloipec used in. Aug 22, 2017 the forms of human trafficking found in south africa include sex trafficking, child labour, domestic servitude, organ smuggling, childbrides ukuthwala, illegal child adoptions, debtbondage, forced surrogacy, and the use of body parts for muti. Awareness against human trafficking haart kenya, nongovernmental organisation based in nairobi dedicated to fighting human trafficking in eastern africa. In tanzania this fell to 56 per cent, in uganda to 34 per cent, and in burundi to 12 per cent. South africa currently has no legislation enacted that comprehensively and substantially criminalises the trafficking of persons. Forced labour and human trafficking in africa conventional wisdom considers human trafficking and forced labour as a function of endogenous forces, including indigenous tradition and cultural practices in africa. The study exposed key issues surrounding child trafficking in east african region, confirming. South africa remains a primary source, destination, and transit country for human trafficking. Thereafter interviews were conducted in order to understand the meaning provided by individuals to the problem researched.
Child trafficking in the middle east start w here you are. Sunrise over the amatola hills, eastern cape, south africa. Trafficking of heroin, cocaine, cannabis and amphetaminetype stimulants ats into and through eastern africa is increasing, combined with emerging trafficking of precursor substances. Modern approaches, strong policies, political will and zero tolerance to corruption are key to fighting poaching.
Historic slave trade and present day human trafficking in africa. Hundreds of african refugees are being bought and sold in slave markets across libya every week, a human trafficker has told al jazeera, with many of them held for ransom or forced into. The study identified a number of trafficking flows in the intercontinental trafficking of women and children to and from south africa from the rest of the continent of africa, as well as domestic. This article examines the same issue in the middle east. South africa is internationally recognized as a main destination for trafficking. Printed materials, such as the antitrafficking manual prepared by the all.
In the past few years, this problem has been increasing. Based on annual reports on human trafficking by the united states us state. Driving the trade is the demand for commercial sexual exploitation. Zimbabwe, lesotho, swaziland, zambia, cameroon, malawi, rwanda, senegal, kenya. Research assessment and baseline information in tanzania, kenya, uganda, and burundi. A survey was conducted to gain insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in south africa. Home blog ea trend monitor observatory human trafficking in east africa by ahmed salim on june 22, 2012 the east african reported a story stating that kenya, via the kenyan foreign affairs ministry, has suspended the recruitment of its citizens to work in the middle east after a series of complaints and reports of abuse. October 2015 human trafficking in nigeria imadr web site. The international labor organization estimates the minimum number of persons in forced labor in the middle east and north africa is around 230,000. Human trafficking and countertrafficking in south africa remain understudied from all perspectives. Middle east and north africa additional information all of the victims identified in the years 2005 and 2006 were trafficked for sexual exploitation.
Human trafficking and the exploitation of women and children. Yet this region certainly has human trafficking problems. South africa is a destination country for longdistance flows for people mainly women trafficked from places like philippines, india, russia, and china. Generally, south african girls are trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, while boys are used for street vending, food service. Human trafficking and the exploitation of women and. This report, prepared by the law library of congress, describes the programs of eighteen countries and the european union involving combating human trafficking, with a special focus on the training of personnel. Jurisdictions include argentina, brazil, canada, china, egypt, england and wales, european union, france, germany, israel, italy, japan, jordan, malaysia, mexico, netherlands, south. Historic slave trade and present day human trafficking in. Three residential facilities were available in 2007 for victims of human trafficking, with a total capacity of more than 150 beds. We work with our embassies and international security agencies to ensure that any rwandan victim of human trafficking in any country is offered a ticket and documents back home. Trafficking in persons tip otherwise known as human trafficking, is a human security challenge and. Human trafficking in eastern africa research assessment and. Unicef innocenti research centre innocenti insight trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in africa trafficking gb2edcover 17092005 9.
Africa has a long history of being involved with slavery. South africa at the crossroads of human trafficking. This mainly done with or tambo airport in johannesburg. However, human organ trafficking has also been identified as a growing form of the phenomenon fellows, 2008. Pdf the modern trend of human trafficking in africa and. Ncm on migration1, to address the issues of human trafficking in kenya. Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in africa could not have been. It is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking le roux, 2009b.
A large number of international organizations, including iom, are present in the eastern europe and central asia region and are involved in assisting the host governments in establishing national counter trafficking policies, conducting preventive information campaigns, implementing research and providing assistance to victims of trafficking. The reality of human trafficking in south africa the. This is a result of push factors that are rooted in poverty, inequality, dis. Chapter 18 of the childrens act 38 of 2005 is reserved to prosecute trafficking in children. Despite the knowledge of high trafficking in existence for south africa, there is very little research done on the issue. It provides an overview of the issue of trafficking in nigeria, including. All trafficking victims surveyed report manual labour being available in their. Human trade is alive and thriving across east africa the. South africa by deconstructing the international and south african human trafficking discourses and underlying agendas of state and nonstate actors involved in counter trafficking and assess the impact this has on counter trafficking responses in practice. It is a major region of origin for victims, who are trafficked into other parts of the world such as western europe and the middle east. Human trafficking in eastern africa research assessment. Africa and south asia especially the mekong area are among the worst. Four women trafficked for sexual exploitation were sheltered.
The international airports in nairobi, kenya, and addis ababa, ethiopia are key entry points for illicit drugs into the region, primarily due to the frequent. It is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking le. In the east african region, the statistical information is being gathered, but the crime is on the increase, jeffrey avina, director for operations at the united nations office on drugs and crime unodc, told the first regional antihuman trafficking conference in eastern africa, under way in the ugandan capital, kampala, until 22 june. Home to world heritage sites, priceless antiquities and soaring skyscrapers, this region is a jigsaw puzzle of contradictions and contrasts, where old customs bump into modern ways.
However in some parts of africa, children are the majority up to 100% in parts of west africa. Organised crime and trafficking in eastern africa page 4 3. Slavery has historical roots in the middle east, especially in the region bordering african states. A tale of human traffickers and libyan slave markets the. Seventynine percent of all global trafficking is for sexual exploitation. We also intensified actions on borders and at the airports to ensure that suspected human trafficking. In a previous issue of the islamic monthly, i examined the pervasiveness of human trafficking in southeast asia. This was expressed by different categories of respondents, both adults and children in all the four study countries. Governments in rwanda, south africa, and ethiopia have all reported a discernible rise in child trafficking cases 245. Human trafficking in africa chapter 19 the african court of. Pdf on dec 25, 2017, chris mensahankrah and others published the modern trend of human trafficking in africa and the role of the african union find, read and cite all the research you need.
Even worse, experts say parents often play a role in the modernday slavery of their own babies and children. Taken during an investigation into child trafficking and ukuthwala in the eastern cape. Kreston professor and research fellow, department of criminal and medical law, university of the free state. Africas share in the scourge of human trafficking is not comparable to its share in slavery, but it is significant and on the rise. Worldwide, almost 20% of all trafficking victims are children. Sudan, tanzania, ethiopia kenya and uganda ratified the ilo convention niass 2010. South africa is a hotbed for human trafficking for a variety of other staterelated factors. Human trafficking on the rise amid horn of africas. The modern trend of human trafficking in africa and the role of the.
Therefore, human trafficking in africa is growing by the day, and with the facts on the table, there is the evidence that not much is getting done. I look at the relationship between historic slave trade and present day human trafficking, to see if the. Nov 29, 2017 hundreds of african refugees are being bought and sold in slave markets across libya every week, a human trafficker has told al jazeera, with many of them held for ransom or forced into. Review of research and data on human trafficking in subsaharan africa in data and research on human trafficking. Lack of relevant legislation and needed administrative institution have continued to give traffickers and smugglers an unnecessary. The main forms and manifestations of human trafficking in nigeria 2. Some countries even consider it to be the most lucrative business for their economy and would not imagine a day without it. As part of their applied project, second year students from the department of strategic communication had to collect quantitative data on the levels of awareness of trafficking in persons in south africa. Human trafficking is the fastest growing means by which people are enslaves, the fastest growing international crime, and one of the largest sources of income for organised crime. Human trafficking on the rise amid horn of africas drought. Understanding the actors and complex governance structures. Trafficking from south asia to the middle east is a serious problem, with about 200,000 persons trafficked over 20 years, and 3,400 children over the last 10 years. For decades, countries in africa have been marked with the issue of child trafficking.
Cannabis is the most cultivated, smuggled and consumed drug in the region, followed by heroin. The childrens act 1 attempts to define and make provision for the trafficking of children but its application is limited to children only and not to trafficking of persons as a whole. Human trade is alive and thriving across east africa. Nov 02, 2011 human trafficking on the rise amid horn of africa s drought and famine women and children, most fleeing drought and conflict in somalia, are being trafficked into kenya and sold into prostitution. East african states do not fully comply with international minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking. Root causes and recommendations in south africa, women and children make up the vast majority of the human trafficking chain whether for sexual exploitation or other forms of forced labour. Once in a trafficking situation, victims report overwork, physical and sexual abuse, nonpayment or underpayment, poor working conditions, and restricted or no access to schooling. The researcher also explored how the federal police in. Pdf the modern trend of human trafficking in africa and the role. While eastern africa is not particularly threatened as a destination for drug trafficking, most countries in the region are used as transit points to other destinations. Generally, south african girls are trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, while boys are used for street vending, food service, and agriculture. The forms of human trafficking found in south africa include sex trafficking, child labour, domestic servitude, organ smuggling, childbrides ukuthwala, illegal child adoptions, debtbondage, forced surrogacy, and the use of body parts for muti.
Human trafficking, the third largest international crime, following illegal drugs and arms trafficking, is believed to be worth billions of dollars each year. It is both a country of origin and transit for people trafficked to and from africa and globally tsireledzani, 2010. After the dissolution of the former soviet union, the area of the current 12 commonwealth of independent states cis became a widely used corridor for irregular migration and trafficking in human beings, both from within and outside the region. Human trafficking on the rise amid horn of africas drought and famine women and children, most fleeing drought and conflict in somalia, are. Human trafficking awareness survey results about the study the study was conducted in the second quarter of 2014. Over 90% percent of nations in africa that operate in human trafficking do. Current patterns of child trafficking in west and central africa although, child trafficking is a global problem, the practice is particularly widespread in some regions. Forms of human trafficking in the middle east include domestic servitude and forced labor, child trafficking for camel jockeys, and sex trafficking. Human trafficking of young women and girls for sexual. Haart recorded trafficking boys for the purpose of organ donation in nairobi haart recorded trafficking of children to the horn of africa somalia and ethiopia the trafficker recruiter are likely to be a male kenyan who is a either a job agent, businessman or religious leader 4.
Assessment report on the human trafficking situation in. Various factors contribute to the global spread of trafficking, and none of them is uniquely african. Human trafficking in south africa is a serious problem which needs intervention on all fronts. Trafficking in persons has been a reported problem in eastern africa for several. The nature and future of human trafficking in south africa.
This paper explores reasons why cattle rustling, a once traditional practice among nomadic communities, has now become commercialised by. In the east african region, the statistical information is being gathered, but the crime is on the increase, jeffrey avina, director for operations at the united nations office on drugs and crime unodc, told the first regional anti human trafficking conference in eastern africa, under way in the ugandan capital, kampala, until 22 june. The results of the research clearly indicate that south africa is a source, transit and destination country for trafficked women and children. Human trafficking in eastern africa research assessment and baseline information in tanzania, kenya, uganda, and burundi cent of survey respondents agreed that people in their area know what human traffickingis. Now south africa has one of the highest amounts of human trafficking in the world. As part of their applied project, second year students from the department of strategic communication had to collect quantitative data on the levels of awareness of trafficking in. Innocenti insight trafficking in human beings, especiallywomen and children, in africa second edition traffickinggb2ed2005 20092005 15. Child trafficking is defined broadly by unicef as the movement of a child across country borders for the purpose of exploiting that child.
It views human trafficking on the continent as externallydriven. Poverty, armed conflict, orphans and childheaded households, hivaids, lack of adult supervision, domestic. The middle east and north africa region is not the first area to come to mind when discussing human trafficking in the world. Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in africa v contents foreword vii 1 introduction 1 1. South africa is a hotbed for the billion dollar human trafficking industry. Human trafficking in kenya national crime research centre. Ngos who work in the field of counter trafficking and victim assistance. This briefing paper is prepared for the special rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children, in preparation for her mission to nigeria. Here in west africa, millions of youth are affected by this brutal, entrenched trade.